![]() However, epidemiological data are essential for the development of effective strategies for the prevention and early diagnosis of HPV and other STI, as well as for the prevention of cervical cancer. Īccurate estimates of the prevalence of HPV and coinfections are limited, especially in the general population. These changes induced by STIs make the cervical epithelium more susceptible to mutations by activating oncogenes, inactivating tumor suppressor proteins and, thus, facilitating the action of HPV in the induction of tumor lesions. The proliferation, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the inflammatory process can lead to damage and inhibition of DNA repair. The main factor associated with the presence of coinfections is the chronic inflammation caused by these microorganisms, which can act as a promoter of carcinogenesis by inducing the occurrence of significant cellular and molecular changes. Interactions between HPV and other microorganisms, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, may contribute to the damages caused by HPV, as well as to persistent infection and cancer progression. ![]() The relationship between HPV infection and other microorganisms plays an important role in the progression of cervical lesions to cancer. They usually cause a diversity of symptoms in women and are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in sexually active individuals. ![]() ![]() Other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) also represent a public health problem, with more than 1 million people infected daily in the world, and can contribute to the progression of cervical lesions. However, high-risk HPV infection is not a sufficient cause for the development of the carcinogenic process. Among women, cervical cancer is the fourth most common type, with 99% of cases associated with HPV infection. Īlthough most cases of HPV infection are asymptomatic and transient, some viral types, such as HPV 16 and 18, are associated with an increased risk of developing anogenital cancer in men and women, including cervical cancer and penile cancer. More than 150 viral types have been identified, and at least 13 types have the potential to cause persistent infection and the progression of cervical lesions. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide, both in men and women, infecting about 80% of the world’s sexually active population. vaginalis can contribute to HPV infection, and HPV/IST association may influence the development of cervical intraepithelial lesions that are precursors of cervical cancer. The findings suggest that the presence of T. Multiple regression analysis showed that both HPV only and the concomitant presence of HPV/STI were able to indicate the occurrence of epithelial lesions ( R = 0.164 R2 = 0.027). Women without cervical lesions were predominant (327/92.6%) however, the largest number of lesions was reported in women who had HPV/coinfections (18/8.8%). vaginalis infection showed a positive association with HPV ( ). Among the 353 women evaluated, 204 (57.8%) had HPV-DNA, of which 140 (68.6%) exhibited HPV/STIs, while 64 (31.4%) had the only HPV. DNA-HPV positive samples were subjected to automated sequencing for genotyping. For the identification of sexually transmitted agents, conventional PCR was performed using the following primers: KL1/KL2 ( Chlamydia trachomatis), TVA5/TVA6 ( Trichomonas vaginalis), and HO1/HO3 ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae). HPV-DNA detection was performed by the nested PCR, using the primers PGMY09/11 and GP + 5/GP + 6. To verify the association between HPV infection and the presence of coinfections ( Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae) in women in the state of Maranhão.
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